Improving processor efficiency through thermal modeling and runtime management of hybrid cooling strategies

One of the main challenges in building future high performance systems is the ability to maintain safe on-chip temperatures in presence of high power densities. Handling such high power densities necessitates novel cooling solutions that are significantly more efficient than their existing counterparts. A number of advanced cooling methods have been proposed to address the temperature problem in processors. However, tradeoffs exist between performance, cost, and efficiency of those cooling methods, and these tradeoffs depend on the target system properties. Hence, a single cooling solution satisfying optimum conditions for any arbitrary system does not exist. This thesis claims that in order to reach exascale computing, a dramatic improvement in energy efficiency is needed, and achieving this improvement requires a temperature-centric co-design of the cooling and computing subsystems. Such co-design requires detailed system-level thermal modeling, design-time optimization, and runtime management techniques that are aware of the underlying processor architecture and application requirements. To this end, this thesis first proposes compact thermal modeling methods to characterize the complex thermal behavior of cutting-edge cooling solutions, mainly Phase Change Material (PCM)-based cooling, liquid cooling, and thermoelectric cooling (TEC), as well as hybrid designs involving a combination of these. The proposed models are modular and they enable fast and accurate exploration of a large design space. Comparisons against multi-physics simulations and measurements on testbeds validate the accuracy of our models (resulting in less than 1C error on average) and demonstrate significant reductions in simulation time (up to four orders of magnitude shorter simulation times). This thesis then introduces temperature-aware optimization techniques to maximize energy efficiency of a given system as a whole (including computing and cooling energy). The proposed optimization techniques approach the temperature problem from various angles, tackling major sources of inefficiency. One important angle is to understand the application power and performance characteristics and to design management techniques to match them. For workloads that require short bursts of intense parallel computation, we propose using PCM-based cooling in cooperation with a novel Adaptive Sprinting technique. By tracking the PCM state and incorporating this information during runtime decisions, Adaptive Sprinting utilizes the PCM heat storage capability more efficiently, achieving 29\% performance improvement compared to existing sprinting policies. In addition to the application characteristics, high heterogeneity in on-chip heat distribution is an important factor affecting efficiency. Hot spots occur on different locations of the chip with varying intensities; thus, designing a uniform cooling solution to handle worst-case hot spots significantly reduces the cooling efficiency. The hybrid cooling techniques proposed as part of this thesis address this issue by combining the strengths of different cooling methods and localizing the cooling effort over hot spots. Specifically, the thesis introduces LoCool, a cooling system optimizer that minimizes cooling power under temperature constraints for hybrid-cooled systems using TECs and liquid cooling. Finally, the scope of this work is not limited to existing advanced cooling solutions, but it also extends to emerging technologies and their potential benefits and tradeoffs. One such technology is integrated flow cell array, where fuel cells are pumped through microchannels, providing both cooling and on-chip power generation. This thesis explores a broad range of design parameters including maximum chip temperature, leakage power, and generated power for flow cell arrays in order to maximize the benefits of integrating this technology with computing systems. Through thermal modeling and runtime management techniques, and by exploring the design space of emerging cooling solutions, this thesis provides significant improvements in processor energy efficiency.2018-07-09T00:00:00

Phylogenetic relationships of Turkish indigenous donkey populations determined by mitochondrial DNA D-loop region

In this study, to analyze the mtDNA D-loop region and the origin of the maternal lineages of 16 different donkey populations, and to assess the domestication of Turkish indigenous donkeys in seven geographical regions, we investigated the DNA sequences of the D-loop region of 315 indigenous donkeys from Turkey. A total of 54 haplotypes, resulting from 35 polymorphic regions (27 parsimoniously informative and 6 singleton sites), were defined. Twenty-eight of these haplotypes are unique (51.85%), and 26 are shared among different Turkish indigenous donkey populations. The most frequent haplotype was Hap 1 (45.71%), followed by two haplotypes (Hap 4, 15.55% and Hap 7, 5.39%). The breed genetic diversity, evaluated by the haplotype diversity (HD ) and nucleotide diversity (?D ), for the Turkish donkey populations ranged from 0.533 ± 0.180 (Tekirdağ–Malkara, MAL) to 0.933 ± 0.122 (Aydin, AYD), and from 0.01196 ± 0.0026 (Antalya, ANT) to 0.02101 ± 0.0041 (Aydin, AYD), respectively. We observed moderate-to-high levels of haplotype diversity and moderate nucleotide diversity, indicating plentiful genetic diversity in all of the Turkish indigenous donkey populations. Phylogenetic analysis (NJT) and median-joining network analysis established that all haplotypes were distinctly grouped into two major haplogroups. The results of AMOVA analyses, based on geographic structuring of Turkish native donkey populations, highlighted that the majority of the observed variance is due to differences among samples within populations. The observed differences between groups were found to be statistically significant. Comparison among Turkish indigenous donkey mtDNA D-loop regions and haplotypes, and different countries’ donkey breeds and wild asses, identified two clades and which is named Somali (Clade IV) and Nubian (Clade V) lineages. The results can be used to understand the origin of Turkish donkey populations clearly, and to resolve the phylogenetic relationship among all of the different regions. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştirma Kurumu, TÜBITAK: 215O555This research was funded by TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey), grant number 215O555, project leader Fulya ?zdil. The authors would like to kindly thank to Selen Yatkin who provide help during the sample collection. We are also grateful to all farmers and pastoralists for allowing us to use their animal to collect blood samples for free. Many thanks to our lab team ?eref M?cahit Topalo?lu and Ayla Fidan for helping laboratory experiment. The authors want to thank four anonymous reviewers for comments on this work

Genetic characterization of native donkey (Equus asinus) populations of Turkey using microsatellite markers

This study presents the first insights to the genetic diversity and structure of the Turkish donkey populations. The primary objectives were to detect the main structural features of Turkish donkeys by microsatellite markers. A panel of 17 microsatellite markers was applied for genotyping 314 donkeys from 16 locations of Turkey. One hundred and forty‐two alleles were identified and the number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 12. The highest number of alleles was observed in AHT05 (12) and the lowest in ASB02 and HTG06 (4), while ASB17 was monomorphic. The mean HO in the Turkish donkey was estimated to be 0.677, while mean HE was 0.675. The polymorphic information content (PIC) was calculated for each locus and ranged from 0.36 (locus ASB02) to 0.98 (locus AHT05), which has the highest number of alleles per locus in the present study. The average PIC in our populations was 0.696. The average coefficient of gene differentiation (GST) over the 17 loci was 0.020 ± 0.037 (p < 0.01). The GST values for single loci ranged from −0.004 for LEX54 to 0.162 for COR082. Nei’s gene diversity index (Ht) for loci ranged from 0.445 (ASB02) to 0.890 (AHT05), with an average of 0.696. A Bayesian clustering method, the Structure software, was used for clustering algorithms of multi‐locus genotypes to identify the population structure and the pattern of admixture within the populations. When the number of ancestral populations varied from K = 1 to 20, the largest change in the log of the likelihood function (ΔK) was when K = 2. The results for K = 2 indicate a clear separation between Clade I (KIR, CAT, KAR, MAR, SAN) and Clade II (MAL, MER, TOK, KAS, KUT, KON, ISP, ANT, MUG, AYD and KAH) populations. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Determination of the morphometric characteristics of donkey (Equus asinus) populations reared in Turkey

This research aims to determine the morphometric characteristics of the donkey (Equus asinus) populations reared in Turkey. For this purpose, live weights and body measurements were collected from 500 donkeys. The donkeys were grouped according to the factors of color, age, sex, and province and the live weights (LW) (kg), withers heights (WH), rump heights (RH), body lengths (BL), chest circumferences (CC), chest depths (CD), front shank circumferences (FSC), head lengths (HL) and ear lengths (EL) (cm) of the donkeys were measured. In the study, the males were found to have higher values of live weight, withers height, rump height, and chest depth than the females (p < 0.05). Significant differences in the live weights of the donkeys were seen by province, age, color, and sex (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05). Significant differences were found among the age groups as well (p < 0.01). Accordingly, the least squares means of the animals aged 1???3 years, 4???5 years, 6???8 years, and 9 years and over for live weight were measured as 112.10 ?? 3.11 kg, 141.54 ?? 2.76 kg, 153.98 ?? 2.42 kg, and 152.95 ?? 2.34 kg, respectively. The least squares mean of live weights were also determined as significant between the female and male animals (138.08 ?? 1.96 kg) and (142.21 ?? 2.25 kg), respectively (p 0.05). The highest correlation coefficient was calculated between live weight and body length among the donkeys (r = 0.83). Furthermore, the classical method (CM) and the fixed object photo (FOP) method were compared for photographed animals in the study. No difference in WH, RH, CD or HL was seen between the two methods (p 0.05). In conclusion, the morphometric characteristics of the donkeys were determined and it was shown that the populations were not distinguished clearly from each other and that this was fundamentally due to the transitions among the donkey populations for long years

Design Optimization of 3D Multi-Processor System-on-Chip with Integrated Flow Cell Arrays

Integrated flow cell array (FCA) is an emerging technology, targeting the cooling and power delivery challenges of modern 2D/3D Multi-Processor Systems-on-Chip (MPSoCs). In FCA, electrolytic solutions are pumped through microchannels etched in the silicon of the chips, removing heat from the system, while, at the same time, generating power on-chip. In this work, we explore the impact of FCA system design on various 3D architectures and propose a methodology to optimize a 3D MPSoC with integrated FCA to run a given workload in the most energy-efficient way. Our results show that an optimized configuration can save up to 50% energy with respect to sub-optimal 3D MPSoC configurations

Periodontal Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Is Caused by Mutations in C1R and C1S, which Encode Subcomponents C1r and C1s of Complement

Periodontal Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (pEDS) is an autosomal-dominant disorder characterized by early-onset periodontitis leading to premature loss of teeth, joint hypermobility, and mild skin findings. A locus was mapped to an approximately 5.8 Mb region at 12p13.1 but no candidate gene was identified. In an international consortium we recruited 19 independent families comprising 107 individuals with pEDS to identify the locus, characterize the clinical details in those with defined genetic causes, and try to understand the physiological basis of the condition. In 17 of these families, we identified heterozygous missense or in-frame insertion/deletion mutations in C1R (15 families) or C1S (2 families), contiguous genes in the mapped locus that encode subunits C1r and C1s of the first component of the classical complement pathway. These two proteins form a heterotetramer that then combines with six C1q subunits. Pathogenic variants involve the subunit interfaces or inter-domain hinges of C1r and C1s and are associated with intracellular retention and mild endoplasmic reticulum enlargement. Clinical features of affected individuals in these families include rapidly progressing periodontitis with onset in the teens or childhood, a previously unrecognized lack of attached gingiva, pretibial hyperpigmentation, skin and vascular fragility, easy bruising, and variable musculoskeletal symptoms. Our findings open a connection between the inflammatory classical complement pathway and connective tissue homeostasis

Zeytin kara suyundaki toksit fenolik bileşiklerin, farklı karbon elektrotlar kullanılarak, elektro-fenton yöntemi ile parçalanmaları

TEZ6410Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2007.Kaynakça (s.61-67) var.x, 68 s. : res. ; 29 cm.Bu çalışmada zeytinyağı işletmelerinin atık sularındaki biyofenolikleri temsil etmek üzere seçilen vanilik asit, protokatekuik asit ve kumarik asit elektrokimyasal olarak üretilen Fenton reaktifi ile parçalanırken karbon keçe elektrot ve boron yüklenmiş elmas (BDD) yüzeyli çalışma elektrotlarının ve UV ışın desteğinin parçalanma ve mineralizasyon sürecindeki etkinlikleri kıyaslanmıştır. Gerek karbon keçe, gerekse BDD çalışma elektrotlarının her ikisi ile de her üç biyofenolik bileşiğin etkin bir şekilde hidroksil radikalleri ile tam olarak tepkimeye girdikleri gözlenirken, parçalanma hızının birim elektrot yüzey alanı başına normalize edilmesi halinde BDD elektrodun daha etkin olacağı da saptanmıştır. UV-A ışının destek olarak kullanılması durumunda, parçalanmanın özellikle elektroliz işleminin ileri aşamalarında daha hızlı ve mineralizasyonun da daha yüksek oranlarda gerçekleştiği gözlenmiştir. Çalışma elektrotlarının etkin yüzey alanlarının belirli bir miktar biyofenolik bileşiği mineralize ederken tüketilen elektrik enerjisinin belirlenmesinde kilit rol oynadığı ve yüzey alan arttıkça aynı miktar biyofenolik maddenin daha az elektrik yükü harcanarak mineralize edilebileceği belirlenmiştir.In this study, degradation of vanillic acid, coumaric acid and protocatechuic acid, three representative toxic phenolics in olive oil mill's wastewater were carried out with electrochemically generated Fenton's reagent (H2O2 + Fe2+) and the strength of various systems having different carbon electrodes, namely carbon felt and borondoped diamond (BDD) and the presence or absence of UV support were compared throughout the degradation processes upto mineralization. It has been demonstrated that all three phenolic compounds were completely reacted with hydroxyl radicals and degradated efficiently by using both carbon felt and BDD as working electrodes, though BDD was found to be more effective when the degradation and mineralization results were normalized with respect to unit surface areas of the working electrodes. In photoelectro-Fenton process, it has been shown that the degradation and mineralization efficiency of the phenolic compounds were enhanced by the effect of UV-A light, especially at the later stages of the degradation processes. It was observed that the effective surface area of the working electrode was the crucial parameter for determining the amount of electrical energy to be spent for mineralizing a certain amount of the phenolic compound such that higher the surface area of the working electrode, less the spent electrical energy during the electrolysis for mineralizing the same amount of the phenolic compound.Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi Tarafından Desteklenmiştir. Proje No

Postpartum Dönemdeki Kadınların Pandemi Sürecinde Sosyal Destek Düzeyleri, Ruh Sağlığı Durumları ve İlişkili Faktörler

Çalışmada postpartum dönemdeki kadınların pandemi sürecinde sosyal destek düzeylerini, ruh sağlığı durumlarını ve ilişkili faktörleri belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Tanımlayıcı türde yapılan çalışmanın verileri 12 Mayıs-27 Haziran 2022 tarihleri arasında toplanmıştır. Çalışma bir üniversite hastanesinde doğum yapan postpartum dönemdeki 264 anne ile yapılmıştır. Veriler Kişisel bilgi formu, Genel Sağlık Anketi (GSA-28) ve Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği (SDÖ) kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Annelerin GSA-28 anketi toplam puan ortalaması 5,70±5,44 olup, %47,3’sinin ruh sağlığını riskli olarak algıladığı belirlenmiştir. Annelerin yaş, eğitim düzeyi, sigara kullanımı, aile ve arkadaş ilişkisi, gebeliğin istenme durumu, daha önce psikolojik sorun yaşama durumlarına göre GSA-28 puan dağılımlarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca SDÖ ile ilişkili faktörler incelendiğinde eğitim düzeyi, maddi durumu, arkadaş ilişkisi, daha önce psikolojik sorun yaşama durumlarının istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Annelerin ruh sağlığı durumları ile sosyal destek düzeyleri arasında ise pozitif yönlü anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmaktadır. Sonuç olarak annelerin neredeyse yarısı ruh sağlı açısından riskli durumdadır. Annelerin bazı tanıtıcı özellikleri genel sağlık durumları ve sosyal destek düzeylerini etkilemektedir. Elde edilen bu bulgulara göre ruh sağlığı durumları riskli olan annelere aileleri ve sağlık personelleri tarafından daha fazla sosyal destek verilmesi önerilmektedir.The aim of this study was to determine the social support levels, mental health status and related factors of women in the postpartum period during the pandemic process. The data of the descriptive study were collected between 12 May and 27 June 2022. The study was conducted with 264 postpartum mothers who gave birth in a university hospital. Data were collected using Personal Information Form, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (SDS). The total mean score of the mothers' GHQ-28 questionnaire was 5.70±5.44, and it was determined that 47.3% of them perceived their mental health as risky. There is a statistically significant difference in the GHQ-28 score distributions according to the mothers' age, education level, smoking, family and friend relations, desired pregnancy status, and previous psychological problems. In addition, when the factors related to SBL were examined, it was determined that the level of education, financial situation, friend relationship, and previous psychological problems were statistically significant. There is a positive and significant relationship between mothers' mental health status and social support levels. As a result, almost half of the mothers are at risk for their mental health. Some introductory characteristics of mothers affect their general health status and social support levels. According to these findings, it is recommended that more social support be given to mothers with risky mental health conditions by their families and health personnel.</p

Structural interventions for conservation of the 15th century Tahtakale Bath, Tire, Turkey

7th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historic Constructions, SAHC; Shanghai; China; 6 October 2010 through 8 October 2010Tahtakale Bath, which is located in the town of Tire in the province of Izmir, Turkey, was constructed in the 15th.century and is one of the outstanding existing examples of Ottoman period baths. The building, which was designed as a double bath, was considerably damaged because of inaccurate interventions after losing its original function, lack of maintenance and natural circumstances. The parts which were reused have considerably lost their original characteristics. This study aims to introduce the construction technique of Tahtakale Bath, which was studied in the scope of a restoration project, and to present the studies on the determination of structural problems, structural strengthening decisions and implementations. Strengthening implementations were carried out in the bathing spaces of the men's section and felt workshop of the building depending on decisions of the restoration project. The original construction technique and materials of the walls, superstructure and architectural details of the building were consolidated by appropriate restoration decisions and implementation works. © (2010) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland